The buyer's checklist, start to keys
Every step from shortlisting to registration, in the order it actually happens.
Read article →Short reads about documents, negotiations, renting safely and the checks worth doing before money changes hands.
Every step from shortlisting to registration, in the order it actually happens.
Read article →How to price, photograph and present a home so serious buyers call.
Read article →Deposits, agreements and the checks that stop a rental going wrong.
Read article →What each paper proves, and what its absence should tell you.
Read article →Three ways to own the same square footage, with very different ownership, upkeep and resale behaviour.
Read article →What a housing society can and cannot ask for when a flat changes hands, and how to clear dues cleanly.
Read article →From agreement to a registered deed in your name, in the order the sub-registrar's office works, and what to finish after the deed comes back.
Read article →The three area figures on every brochure, what each includes, and which one you should compare on.
Read article →How the instalment is built, what changes when you stretch the tenure, and when prepaying is worth it.
Read article →Why a bigha in one state is not a bigha in another, and how to convert safely before you price land.
Read article →The low-rise format that dominates Delhi NCR plotted colonies, and what to check before buying one.
Read article →Every state runs its own RERA register. Here is what the number proves and how to read the entry.
Read article →Why the same purchase costs different amounts in different states, and the concessions worth asking about.
Read article →Who deducts, when, on what value, and what goes wrong when the step is skipped.
Read article →The dozen lines that decide how a tenancy ends, and what each side should insist on.
Read article →Paying guest accommodation sits between a tenancy and a service. Here is what that means for you.
Read article →Land has fewer moving parts than a building and far more ways to go wrong. Work through these in order.
Read article →Eave height, floor loading, power and land use decide whether a shed works. Rent per square foot barely does.
Read article →Build the number from the lease, not from the rent — rent is usually a little over half of what a seat costs.
Read article →What a home loan saves in tax, under which section, and why the regime you choose decides most of it.
Read article →How the gain is worked out, the rate that changed in July 2024, and the exemptions that can bring the tax to nil.
Read article →What you may buy, how the money must move, and what happens when you sell.
Read article →Walk the flat with this list before you sign the possession letter; fixing things afterwards is much harder.
Read article →Each state names its land record differently. Here is what to look up, where, and what it can tell you about a plot.
Read article →A gift of property must be in a registered deed. Within the family it is usually free of income tax, and many states charge reduced stamp duty.
Read article →Before buying an office, shop or showroom, confirm the title, that the land use and the building plan allow commercial use, the occupancy or completion certificate, fire approval where the building needs one, the tax and maintenance position and any existing lease. GST applies only to under-construction property, and the buyer deducts 1% TDS when the price is ₹50 lakh or more.
Read article →A commercial lease is mostly negotiated, not standard. Agree in writing the lock-in, the escalation, the security deposit, any rent-free fit-out period, who pays CAM and repairs, subletting and signage rights, how you exit and what you restore — and register the lease if its term needs it.
Read article →Renting out commercial property attracts GST at 18%. A registered landlord charges it; where the landlord is unregistered and the tenant is GST-registered, the tenant has paid it under reverse charge since 10 October 2024 (composition tenants excluded from 16 January 2025). Separately, tax is deducted at 10% on rent for land or buildings above ₹50,000 a month — section 393(1) of the Income-tax Act, 2025, earlier section 194-I.
Read article →A pre-leased property is sold with a tenant already paying rent. Judge it on the lease (who the tenant is, how long is left, lock-in and escalation), the tenant's ability to pay, the net yield after costs and vacancy, and what happens when the tenant leaves — not on the headline yield in the brochure.
Read article →Before renting a shop, watch the street at different times, confirm the unit is approved for your trade, and check that you can get the licences your business needs — shop and establishment registration under your state's Act and the municipal trade licence — along with enough power, parking and a CAM figure you can live with.
Read article →An SCO (shop-cum-office) plot is a commercial plot on which the owner builds a small building with shops below and offices above, a format common in planned sectors in Haryana and Punjab. Before buying one, check the colony's licence or allotment, the permitted floors, FAR and use in the plan, whether a building plan can be sanctioned, and the deadlines for construction and completion.
Read article →Pick the city by your work and family, then score each locality on the same handful of things, checking every promise on an official source rather than a brochure.
Read article →The three categories differ less in bricks than in rules: land use, loans, GST, tenants and exit all work differently. Here is how, and who each one suits.
Read article →The right type follows from four questions: how much of your money should be in land, how soon you need to move in, how much upkeep you will do, and how much paperwork risk you can manage.
Read article →Most industrial plots in organised estates are leasehold allotments from a state agency, so the allotment terms, transfer rules and your activity's consents matter as much as the price.
Read article →Agree the terms, draft them in full, stamp the agreement at your state's rate, register it where the law requires, sign with witnesses, complete police verification where your city asks, and keep receipts.
Read article →Do the checks in the right order: money and site first, then title and approvals with a lawyer, then a small token with written terms, then the agreement, the loan, the NOC and the registered sale deed.
Read article →What PMAY-Urban 2.0 offers, who qualifies, how the home loan interest subsidy actually reaches you, and where state housing boards and development authority schemes fit in.
Read article →Mutation moves the government's record into the new owner's name after a sale, inheritance or gift. It is essential, it is not title, and it works differently for land and for city property.
Read article →An under-construction flat is a promise backed by a registered project, a separate bank account and a statute. Here is what RERA actually protects, what it does not, and how the taxes work.
Read article →School premises are judged by the board, the state education department, the town planner and the fire department. Choose land that passes all four before you sign.
Read article →Bank auctions can be a fair way to buy, but the bank sells on an 'as is where is' basis. Here is the process, the deadlines in the rules, and the checks that are entirely your job.
Read article →Whether you can buy farmland depends on your state, your status as an agriculturist and your residency. Conversion and land records decide what you can do with it after.
Read article →A flat earns rent but its building ages; a plot earns nothing but the land is the whole asset. How the two compare on returns, costs, loans, tax and risk, and which suits which investor.
Read article →An under-construction flat is often cheaper and newer at handover; a ready one is certain and GST-free. How price, tax, cash flow and risk compare, and how to decide.
Read article →A villa gives you land, privacy and room to change things; an apartment gives you shared costs, security and an easier sale. How the two compare, and where gated villa communities fit.
Read article →Tall towers bring amenities, views and lifts you depend on; low-rise buildings bring a bigger land share, lower upkeep and a clearer path to redevelopment. What changes as a building gets taller.
Read article →Buying from a builder and buying from an owner are different transactions, with different prices, paperwork, taxes and risks. What changes, and what to check in each.
Read article →Freehold means you own the land; leasehold means a public authority owns it and you hold a long lease. How that changes transfers, costs, loans and resale.
Read article →Buying is not always better than renting, and renting is not always money thrown away. A step-by-step way to compare them on your own numbers, with the tax rules for each.
Read article →Commercial property usually pays a higher yield on longer leases, but empty periods are longer and the cheque is bigger. How it compares with residential, and where REITs fit in.
Read article →Property held for more than 24 months gives a long-term gain, taxed at 12.5% without indexation. A resident individual or HUF selling property acquired before 23 July 2024 pays the lower of that and 20% with indexation. This guide shows how the gain is built up, line by line, with worked examples.
Read article →A gain on land or a building held for 24 months or less is a short-term capital gain. It is added to your other income and taxed at your slab rates under the regime you choose. This guide shows how to compute it, how the basic exemption and rebate interact with it, and how losses can be set off.
Read article →Three exemptions can bring the tax on a long-term gain from property down to nil: reinvesting in a residential house (section 54, now section 82 of the 2025 Act), buying specified bonds (section 54EC, now section 85), and, for gains on assets other than a house, reinvesting the sale proceeds in a house (section 54F, now section 86). Each has its own deadlines, caps and lock-ins.
Read article →GST is charged when you buy an under-construction flat from a builder — 5% of the price, or 1% for an affordable house — but not on a ready flat bought after the completion certificate, not on a resale and not on land. This guide covers commercial units, extras like PLC and parking, society maintenance and when residential rent attracts GST.
Read article →Individual and HUF tenants not under tax audit who pay rent above ₹50,000 a month deduct 2% once a year and file it with their PAN — no TAN needed. Companies, firms and audited individuals deduct 10% on rent for land and buildings above ₹50,000 a month, every month. From 1 April 2026 both rules sit in section 393 of the Income-tax Act, 2025, and Form 141 replaces Form 26QC.
Read article →When the seller is a non-resident, the buyer must deduct tax at the rates that apply to the seller's capital gain — 12.5% plus surcharge and 4% cess on a long-term gain — not the flat 1% that applies to resident sellers, and from the first rupee. The seller can get a certificate for a lower deduction. From 1 October 2026, resident individual and HUF buyers no longer need a TAN for this.
Read article →Rent from a house, flat, shop or office is taxed under 'income from house property'. You deduct municipal tax paid, then a flat 30% for repairs, then home loan interest. The result is added to your income. A loss can reduce other income by up to ₹2 lakh under the old regime, but not at all under the new regime.
Read article →Property tax is a yearly tax charged by your city or town on the land and buildings you own. Each city fixes it by its own method — annual rental value, unit area value or capital value — and its own rates. Pay it on time for the rebate, keep the receipts in the owner's name, and deduct it from rental income when you let the property.
Read article →Receiving a property by inheritance or as a gift from a relative is not taxed. Selling it later is: the gain is worked out using the previous owner's cost (or the 1 April 2001 value) and their holding period, so it is usually a long-term gain. Gifts from non-relatives and gifts to a spouse have their own rules.
Read article →When a property is owned jointly, each co-owner is taxed separately on their own share — of rent, of the gain when it is sold — and claims their own deductions and exemptions. A co-owner who is also a co-borrower can claim home loan benefits up to their own limits. Who actually paid for the property matters: if one spouse funded the other's share, clubbing can move the income back.
Read article →Your eligible loan is the smallest of three numbers: what your income can repay, what the loan-to-value cap allows on the property, and what the lender will accept after checking the property. How each is worked out, with arithmetic.
Read article →Your credit report decides whether a lender says yes and, with many lenders, which rate you get. What is in the report, what lenders look at beyond the score, and how the Reserve Bank's rules help you correct a mistake.
Read article →The loan covers part of the price and none of the stamp duty on most homes. A line-by-line plan of the cash a purchase actually needs, with two worked examples: a resale flat and an under-construction one.
Read article →Most home loans in India are floating, and since October 2019 new floating loans from banks follow an external benchmark such as the repo rate. How the rate is built, how often it moves, what happens to your EMI or tenure, and when a fixed rate or a switch makes sense.
Read article →A loan against property lets you borrow against a home or commercial property you already own, for almost any legitimate purpose. It is cheaper than unsecured credit, but your property is the security. How it works and what to watch.
Read article →Buying a plot and building on it needs two kinds of finance, and lenders treat both differently from a flat. What a plot loan covers, why lenders set a construction deadline, how a construction loan is released in stages, and what papers you need.
Read article →Non-resident Indians and OCI cardholders can borrow from Indian banks and housing finance companies to buy a home in India, on the same broad terms as residents, with a few foreign-exchange conditions. What those conditions are and how to manage the loan from abroad.
Read article →A lower rate elsewhere is only half the sum. What a balance transfer costs, how to work out whether it pays, why asking your own lender first is often better, and what a top-up loan is good and bad for.
Read article →What happens between applying for a home loan and the lender paying the seller, what each document means, and what happens to your original property papers, including the Reserve Bank's 30-day rule and ₹5,000-a-day compensation when the loan is closed.
Read article →Buying in a woman's name or jointly can lower stamp duty in some states, raise eligibility and double some tax deductions. But a co-borrower is not automatically a co-owner, and every borrower is liable for the whole loan. How to set it up properly.
Read article →The interest rate is not the whole price. What lenders charge around a home loan, what the Reserve Bank's rules say about disclosure and penal charges, and why you can decline, or buy elsewhere, the insurance often bundled with the loan.
Read article →A sourced list of the scheduled changes and visible trends that will shape buying, selling, renting and investing in Indian property through 2027. It describes what has been announced and what is under way; it does not predict prices.
Read article →Negotiation works when you bring evidence the other side cannot dismiss: what similar homes actually registered for, the circle rate, the building's condition and your readiness to close. This guide shows how to gather it and use it with an owner or a builder.
Read article →A builder's brochure shows the best of its work. Public records show the rest: what it promised on earlier projects, how late it delivered, who complained, what its company filings say and whether it has been through insolvency. Here is where to look and what to make of it.
Read article →There is no single 'value' for a property. A comparable-sales figure, the circle rate, a yield-based figure for a rented property and a cost-based figure each answer a different question. This guide explains each method, when it is used, and how to read the report a bank's valuer gives you.
Read article →Snagging is the inspection you do before and at possession to find defects the builder must fix. Done carefully and recorded in writing, it protects you at handover and sets up a claim under RERA's five-year defect liability if problems appear later.
Read article →Most slow sales come down to three things: a price above what comparable homes sold for, documents that are not ready when a buyer's lawyer asks for them, and a listing that does not answer buyers' basic questions. This guide covers each, and how to keep a deal moving once you have an offer.
Read article →A power of attorney lets someone act for you — to register a sale, manage a rental or deal with an authority. It does not transfer ownership. This guide explains the types, the Supreme Court's ruling on 'GPA sales', the state-by-state formalities and the steps for an NRI signing a POA abroad.
Read article →Most property disputes fall into five types, and each has a forum that is usually best placed to hear it. This guide explains them in general terms, the time limits that can shut you out, and the checks that prevent most disputes in the first place. It is not legal advice for a particular case.
Read article →A green rating tells you a building was designed, and sometimes built, to save energy and water and to be healthier inside. It does not guarantee lower bills in your flat. This guide explains the three main rating systems, how to check a claim, what the benefits realistically are, and how the rooftop solar subsidy works for houses and housing societies.
Read article →A retirement community is a home and a service contract at the same time. The property may be sound while the services decline, or the other way round. This guide covers how to judge both, how the ownership models differ, what reverse mortgages are, and the legal protections available to senior citizens.
Read article →A good asking price starts from what similar homes actually registered for, checks itself against the circle rate, adjusts honestly for what makes your home different, and leaves sensible room to negotiate. This guide walks through each step and the costs that decide what you take home.
Read article →A step-by-step walkthrough for anyone selling a flat, house or plot: whether the gain is short- or long-term, how it is calculated, how the July 2024 change to indexation affects you, the exemptions that can bring the tax to nil, and how TDS, advance tax and the return fit together.
Read article →Before an inherited home can be sold, the heirs must show who inherited it, put the records in their names and agree among themselves who signs. This guide explains the documents, when probate is compulsory, what a succession certificate is really for, how co-heirs and minors are handled, and how the sale is taxed.
Read article →Whether a rent agreement must be registered depends on its length and on your state. This guide explains the Registration Act rule behind eleven-month agreements, Maharashtra's rule for leave and licence agreements, the newer state tenancy laws, how stamp duty and registration are paid, and when registering is worth doing even if it is optional.
Read article →Most deposit disputes are decided before the tenant moves in, by what the agreement says and whether anyone recorded the condition of the home. This guide covers the rules that apply, what can fairly be deducted, how to move out so the refund is straightforward, and the steps to take if it is not paid.
Read article →Many police commissioners and district magistrates order landlords to give the police details of their tenants, and most state police forces now accept the form online. This guide explains the legal basis, who must submit it, the documents needed, where to file in the main states, the separate rule for foreign tenants, and how to protect the tenant's personal data.
Read article →Maharashtra charges stamp duty under the Maharashtra Stamp Act, 1958 on the higher of the price and the ready reckoner value, and the deed is registered at the sub-registrar's office under the Registration Act, 1908. This guide explains how the duty is worked out, the surcharges and the concession for women, how to pay through GRAS, what happens at registration, and the checks for resale and under-construction flats.
Read article →In Uttar Pradesh, a sale deed is stamped on the higher of the price and the district circle rate and registered at the sub-registrar's office through the IGRSUP portal. In Noida, Greater Noida and the Yamuna Expressway area there is an extra layer: most land is leasehold from a development authority, so its transfer rules apply too. This guide explains both.
Read article →The Khatauni is Uttar Pradesh's record of rights. Here is how to find it on the state's Bhulekh portal and what to read in it before you buy land.
Read article →The 7/12 extract is Maharashtra's record of rights for land. Here is how to view it, how to get the digitally signed copy, and what to read in it.
Read article →Haryana's record of rights is the jamabandi, and a copy of it is a nakal. Here is how to check one on the state portal and what to look for.
Read article →An encumbrance certificate lists the registered deeds against a property. Here is how to view one free on the Tamil Nadu Registration Department's portal.
Read article →The RTC (Record of Rights, Tenancy and Crops), also called the pahani, is Karnataka's land record. Here is how to view it on Bhoomi and what to check in it.
Read article →Telangana's land records moved from Dharani to Bhu Bharati in April 2025. Here is how to search a survey number on the new portal and what to check before you buy.
Read article →Index II is the sub-registrar's summary of a registered property document. Here is how to find it free on IGR Maharashtra's e-Search, and what it does and does not prove.
Read article →Bihar's live land ledger is the jamabandi register (Register-II), on the Revenue and Land Reforms Department's Bihar Bhumi portal. Here is how to look one up, what else the portal offers, and what to check before you buy.
Read article →West Bengal's record of rights is the khatian, on the Land and Land Reforms Department's Banglarbhumi portal. Here is how to find a khatian or plot, what the portal's other services are, and what to check before you buy.
Read article →Jharkhand's land records are on Jharbhoomi, run by the Revenue, Registration and Land Reforms Department. Here is how to read a khatiyan and Register-II, track a mutation, correct an error, and what tenancy laws to check before buying.
Read article →खतौनी उत्तर प्रदेश का अधिकार अभिलेख (रिकॉर्ड ऑफ़ राइट्स) है। यहाँ जानें कि इसे राज्य के भूलेख पोर्टल पर कैसे देखें और ज़मीन ख़रीदने से पहले उसमें क्या पढ़ें।
Read article →बिहार का चालू भूमि खाता जमाबंदी पंजी (पंजी-II) है, जो राजस्व एवं भूमि सुधार विभाग के बिहार भूमि पोर्टल पर है। यहाँ जानें कि इसे कैसे खोजें, पोर्टल पर और क्या है, और ख़रीदने से पहले क्या जाँचें।
Read article →झारखंड के भूमि अभिलेख झारभूमि पर हैं, जिसे राजस्व, निबंधन एवं भूमि सुधार विभाग चलाता है। यहाँ जानें कि खतियान और रजिस्टर-2 कैसे पढ़ें, म्यूटेशन कैसे देखें, ग़लती कैसे सुधारें, और ख़रीदने से पहले कौन से काश्तकारी क़ानून जाँचें।
Read article →हरियाणा का अधिकार अभिलेख जमाबंदी है, और उसकी प्रति को नक़ल कहते हैं। यहाँ जानें कि राज्य के पोर्टल पर नक़ल कैसे देखें और उसमें क्या देखें।
Read article →म्यूटेशन बिक्री, विरासत या दान के बाद सरकारी रिकॉर्ड को नए मालिक के नाम पर करता है। यह ज़रूरी है, यह मालिकाना हक़ नहीं है, और ज़मीन व शहर की प्रॉपर्टी के लिए अलग तरह से होता है।
Read article →These articles are general guidance, not legal or financial advice.